Estimating the safe duration and concentration of benzene exposure in the workplace in the printing industry

Moch. Sahri; Octavianus Hutapea; Muslikha Nourma Romadhoni; Friska Ayu; Efi Sriwahyuni; Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin

doi:10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4311

Estimating the safe duration and concentration of benzene exposure in the workplace in the printing industry

Moch. Sahri ,

Octavianus Hutapea ,

Muslikha Nourma Romadhoni ,

Friska Ayu ,

Efi Sriwahyuni ,

Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin ,

pdf |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4311 |
Published: 2023-04-26

Abstract

Introduction: Increased levels of benzene in the air in the work environment can increase the case of leukemia cancer in workers. In their every activity, printing workers unwittingly breathe benzene vapor from the solvent used in ink. This study aimed to estimate safe concentrations and exposure times when working with benzene exposure in the workplace.

Methods: The type of this study is observational and cross-sectional. The research sample consisted of 25 people who worked in the printing industry.

Results: Benzene measurements in the work environment in the production section range from 1.57-4.88 mg / m3 with an average level of 2.54 mg/m3. The average intake was 0.0243 mg/ kg/day, while the average Risk Quotient (RQ) value was >1 (88%), which means there is a risk of adverse effects due to exposure to benzene vapor. Based on the calculation results, the current conditions with the concentration and characteristics of workers obtained an average safe duration of 3.2 years. For safe concentration, assuming a working life of 25 years and with the characteristics of the workers, the average safe concentration value is 0.2 mg/m3.

Conclusions: The level of risk of benzene exposure will continue to increase as the working period increases. It can be prevented by taking technical and administrative control measures and using personal protective equipment.

References

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Snyder R. Leukemia and benzene. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(8):2875–93. Available from: 10.3390/ijerph9082875
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. ATSDR's Toxicological Profiles. CRC Press; 2007.
GBD. GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Gl. Lancet. 2013;386(10010):2287–323. Available from: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2.Global
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Decharat S. Prevalence of Acute Symptoms among Workers in Printing Factories. Adv Prev Med. 2014/10/16. 2014;2014:854052. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25386365
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[1] Prica M, Kecic VS, Adamović S, Radonić J, Sekulić MT. Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Substances in Printing Industry. Environ Sci. 2016;1:1–8.

[2] Rahmatullah M, Naiem MF, Muis M. Keamanan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Pada Karyawan Percetakan Kota Makassar [Internet]. Hasanuddin University Repository. p. 1–9. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/reader/25490941

[3] Snyder R. Leukemia and benzene. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(8):2875–93. Available from: 10.3390/ijerph9082875

[4] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. ATSDR's Toxicological Profiles. CRC Press; 2007.

[5] GBD. GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Gl. Lancet. 2013;386(10010):2287–323. Available from: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2.Global

[6] Ashari A. Gambaran Keluhan Gangguan Kesehatan Pada Operator Percetakan Kota Makassar Tahun 2013 [Internet]. Universitas Hasanuddin; 2013. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25491375.pdf

[7] Decharat S. Prevalence of Acute Symptoms among Workers in Printing Factories. Adv Prev Med. 2014/10/16. 2014;2014:854052. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25386365

[8] Tualeka AR, Jalaludin J, Salesman F, Wahyu A, Tukiran T, Setiawan S, et al. Risk Analysis Characterization of Benzene and Demographic Factors toward Immunoglobulin A. Open access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(12):2381–5. Available from: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.488

[9] USEPA. Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: Update of Standard Default Exposure Factors [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P100NQNA.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2011+Thru+2015&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex Data%5C11thru15%5CTxt%5C00000018%5CP100NQNA.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL

[10] USEPA. Benzene; CASRN 71-43-2 [Internet]. 2003. Available from: https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/0276_summary.pdf

[11] FKM UI. Bahan Ajar Pelatihan (Program Intensif Tingkat Dasar) Pusat Kajian Kesehatan Lingkungan & Industri Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Depok: FKM UI; 2013.

[12] Febriantika D, Sulistyani S, Budiyono B. Analisis Risisko Kesehatan Pajanan Benzena Di Industri Percetakan X Kota Semarang. J Kesehat Masy. 2017;5(1):430–7.

[13] Smith MT. Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility. Annu Rev Public Health. 2010;31:133–48. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20070208

[14] Chaiklieng S, Suggaravetsiri P, Autrup H. Risk Assessment on Benzene Exposure among Gasoline Station Workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14):2545. Available from: 10.3390/ijerph16142545

[15] Guspianto G, Thursina IT, Putri FE. Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Dust Exposure on Employees in PT. Cassia Co-op Indonesia in Jambi. Media Kesehat Masy Indones. 2021;17(4):134–43.

[16] Verbeek JH, Rajamaki B, Ijaz S, Sauni R, Toomey E, Blackwood B, et al. Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2020;4(4):CD011621. Available from: 10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub4

[17] Harrison R, Saborit JMD, Dor F, Henderson R. Benzene [Internet]. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138708/

Estimating the safe duration and concentration of benzene exposure in the workplace in the printing industry

Abstract

References

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