Omega-3 intake and cachexia risk in cancer patients: systematic literature review

Fildzah Karunia Putri; Nabilah Farah  Diba; Endah Budi Permana Putri

doi:10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4297

Omega-3 intake and cachexia risk in cancer patients: systematic literature review

Fildzah Karunia Putri ,

Nabilah Farah Diba ,

Endah Budi Permana Putri ,

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4297 |
Published: 2023-06-14

Abstract

Introduction: Omega-3 is an essential fatty acid that is needed but the body cannot synthesize it. Omega-3s have good benefits for the body; such as can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are one of the causes of cachexia in cancer patients. This study wanted to know about the intake of omega-3 either from food or supplements with the incidence of cachexia risk in cancer patients.

Method: A systematic literature review search was conducted using Search Engines, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and DOAJ. The articles identified with the inclusion and exclusion criteria specified in the PICOS table. Then an assessment of the quality of the article was carried out using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool.

Result: From 127 articles, only four studies that eligible to further analysis. In 4 literature studies, three studies used clinical research methods and a retrospective cohort study. Three literature studies show an association between omega-3 supplements with increased body weight, fat mass, and serum albumin. Only one literature study did not show an association between omega-3 supplements with increased body weight, body fat mass, serum albumin, decreased serum CRP, or serum IL-6. The forms of omega-3 supplementations consumed by most cancer patients are Fish Oil (FO) and Marine Phospholipids (MPL). FO with a 1-7 grams dose can increase body weight and serum albumin levels in cancer patients. MPL with a dose of 8.5 grams can also increase body weight.

Conclusion: This review found varying certainties of evidence of omega-3 supplementation to prevent cachexia. The recommendation for taking FO and MPL supplements is three times a day.

References

Sunaryati, S. Shinta, 14 Penyakit Paling Sering Menyerang Dan Sangat Mematikan. Yogyak. Flashbook 2011.
Kurniasari, F. N.; Harti, L. B.; Ariestiningsih, A. D.; Wardhani, S. O.; Nugroho, S. Buku Ajar Gizi Dan Kanker; Universitas Brawijaya Press, 2017.
Aoyagi, T.; Terracina, K. P.; Raza, A.; Matsubara, H.; Takabe, K. Cancer Cachexia, Mechanism and Treatment. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2015, 7 (4), 17.
Huda, N. Studi Fenomenologi: Pengalaman Cachexia Pasien Kanker Stadium Lanjut Dan Keluarga Yang Merawat Di RS Kanker Dharmais Jakarta. Diakses Dari Http: lib Ui Ac Idfile 2012.
Arends, J.; Baracos, V.; Bertz, H.; Bozzetti, F.; Calder, P.; Deutz, N.; Erickson, N.; Laviano, A.; Lisanti, M.; Lobo, D. ESPEN Expert Group Recommendations for Action against Cancer-Related Malnutrition. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36 (5), 1187–1196.
Shirai, Y.; Okugawa, Y.; Hishida, A.; Ogawa, A.; Okamoto, K.; Shintani, M.; Morimoto, Y.; Nishikawa, R.; Yokoe, T.; Tanaka, K. Fish Oil-Enriched Nutrition Combined with Systemic Chemotherapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients with Cancer Cachexia. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 (1), 1–9.
Hanai, N.; Terada, H.; Hirakawa, H.; Suzuki, H.; Nishikawa, D.; Beppu, S.; Hasegawa, Y. Prospective Randomized Investigation Implementing Immunonutritional Therapy Using a Nutritional Supplement with a High Blend Ratio of ω-3 Fatty Acids during the Perioperative Period for Head and Neck Carcinomas. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 48 (4), 356–361.
Nemati, A.; Nachvak, S. M.; Djafarian, K.; Faizi-Khankandi, I. Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Patients with Gastric Cancer during Chemotherapy. J. Nutr. Sci. Diet. 2015, 2–8.
Werner, K.; de Gaudry, D. K.; Taylor, L. A.; Keck, T.; Unger, C.; Hopt, U. T.; Massing, U. Dietary Supplementation with N-3-Fatty Acids in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer and Cachexia: Marine Phospholipids versus Fish Oil-a Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2017, 16 (1), 1–12.
Schmidt, N.; Møller, G.; Bæksgaard, L.; Østerlind, K.; Stark, K. D.; Lauritzen, L.; Andersen, J. R. Fish Oil Supplementation in Cancer Patients. Capsules or Nutritional Drink Supplements? A Controlled Study of Compliance. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2020, 35, 63–68.
Taylor, L. A.; Pletschen, L.; Arends, J.; Unger, C.; Massing, U. Marine Phospholipids—a Promising New Dietary Approach to Tumor-Associated Weight Loss. Support. Care Cancer 2010, 18 (2), 159–170.
Nabila, T.; Kurnia, B. Hubungan Kadar Albumin Serum Dengan Kekuatan Otot Genggaman Pada Pasien Kanker Di Rsud Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh. J. Ilm. Mhs. Kedokt. Medisia 2017, 2 (1).
Yasin, Y. K. Perubahan Metabolik Zat Gizi Pada Penderita Malnutrisi Kanker Dan Upaya Perbaikan Gizi Pasien Kanker. 2019.
Setyowatie, L.; Sukanto, H.; Murtiastutik, D. C-Reactive Protein Pada Berbagai Derajat Keparahan Psoriasis Vulgaris. Berk. Ilmu Kesehat. Kulit Dan Kelamin 2016, 28 (2), 1–9.
Hartono, B.; Pontoh, V. S.; Merung, M. A. Penilaian Jumlah Neutrofil, Limfosit Dan Trombosit, Kadar Protein Reaktif C, Kadar Albumin, Rasio Neutrofil Limfosit, Serta Rasio Trombosit Limfosit Sebelum Dan Setelah Terapi Pada Penderita Karsinoma Payudara. J. Biomedik Jbm 2015, 7 (3).
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[1] Sunaryati, S. Shinta, 14 Penyakit Paling Sering Menyerang Dan Sangat Mematikan. Yogyak. Flashbook 2011.

[2] Kurniasari, F. N.; Harti, L. B.; Ariestiningsih, A. D.; Wardhani, S. O.; Nugroho, S. Buku Ajar Gizi Dan Kanker; Universitas Brawijaya Press, 2017.

[3] Aoyagi, T.; Terracina, K. P.; Raza, A.; Matsubara, H.; Takabe, K. Cancer Cachexia, Mechanism and Treatment. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2015, 7 (4), 17.

[4] Huda, N. Studi Fenomenologi: Pengalaman Cachexia Pasien Kanker Stadium Lanjut Dan Keluarga Yang Merawat Di RS Kanker Dharmais Jakarta. Diakses Dari Http: lib Ui Ac Idfile 2012.

[5] Arends, J.; Baracos, V.; Bertz, H.; Bozzetti, F.; Calder, P.; Deutz, N.; Erickson, N.; Laviano, A.; Lisanti, M.; Lobo, D. ESPEN Expert Group Recommendations for Action against Cancer-Related Malnutrition. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36 (5), 1187–1196.

[6] Shirai, Y.; Okugawa, Y.; Hishida, A.; Ogawa, A.; Okamoto, K.; Shintani, M.; Morimoto, Y.; Nishikawa, R.; Yokoe, T.; Tanaka, K. Fish Oil-Enriched Nutrition Combined with Systemic Chemotherapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients with Cancer Cachexia. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 (1), 1–9.

[7] Hanai, N.; Terada, H.; Hirakawa, H.; Suzuki, H.; Nishikawa, D.; Beppu, S.; Hasegawa, Y. Prospective Randomized Investigation Implementing Immunonutritional Therapy Using a Nutritional Supplement with a High Blend Ratio of ω-3 Fatty Acids during the Perioperative Period for Head and Neck Carcinomas. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 48 (4), 356–361.

[8] Nemati, A.; Nachvak, S. M.; Djafarian, K.; Faizi-Khankandi, I. Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Patients with Gastric Cancer during Chemotherapy. J. Nutr. Sci. Diet. 2015, 2–8.

[9] Werner, K.; de Gaudry, D. K.; Taylor, L. A.; Keck, T.; Unger, C.; Hopt, U. T.; Massing, U. Dietary Supplementation with N-3-Fatty Acids in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer and Cachexia: Marine Phospholipids versus Fish Oil-a Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2017, 16 (1), 1–12.

[10] Schmidt, N.; Møller, G.; Bæksgaard, L.; Østerlind, K.; Stark, K. D.; Lauritzen, L.; Andersen, J. R. Fish Oil Supplementation in Cancer Patients. Capsules or Nutritional Drink Supplements? A Controlled Study of Compliance. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2020, 35, 63–68.

[11] Taylor, L. A.; Pletschen, L.; Arends, J.; Unger, C.; Massing, U. Marine Phospholipids—a Promising New Dietary Approach to Tumor-Associated Weight Loss. Support. Care Cancer 2010, 18 (2), 159–170.

[12] Nabila, T.; Kurnia, B. Hubungan Kadar Albumin Serum Dengan Kekuatan Otot Genggaman Pada Pasien Kanker Di Rsud Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh. J. Ilm. Mhs. Kedokt. Medisia 2017, 2 (1).

[13] Yasin, Y. K. Perubahan Metabolik Zat Gizi Pada Penderita Malnutrisi Kanker Dan Upaya Perbaikan Gizi Pasien Kanker. 2019.

[14] Setyowatie, L.; Sukanto, H.; Murtiastutik, D. C-Reactive Protein Pada Berbagai Derajat Keparahan Psoriasis Vulgaris. Berk. Ilmu Kesehat. Kulit Dan Kelamin 2016, 28 (2), 1–9.

[15] Hartono, B.; Pontoh, V. S.; Merung, M. A. Penilaian Jumlah Neutrofil, Limfosit Dan Trombosit, Kadar Protein Reaktif C, Kadar Albumin, Rasio Neutrofil Limfosit, Serta Rasio Trombosit Limfosit Sebelum Dan Setelah Terapi Pada Penderita Karsinoma Payudara. J. Biomedik Jbm 2015, 7 (3).

[16] Sapari, T.; Abdurahman, M.; Tjandrawati, A. Kadar Interleukin-6 Serum Pada Karsinoma Payudara Lanjut Lokal Dan Yang Bermetastasis. Maj. Kedokt. Bdg. 2014, 46 (1), 15–21.

Omega-3 intake and cachexia risk in cancer patients: systematic literature review

Abstract

References

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